Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part D (2025)

Background: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanomaterials are widely employed in diverse consumer and biomedical applications. Their nanoscale size and surface activity raise concerns regarding toxicological effects. 
Objective: This study investigates the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of TiO₂ thin films and discusses how these features may influence biological interactions. 
Methods: TiO₂ thin films were fabricated using the sol-gel spin coating method and annealed at 300-600 °C. Characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and current-voltage (I-V) analysis. 
Results: Annealing improved crystallinity, increased grain size, and reduced lattice strain. Bandgap narrowing with higher annealing temperatures indicated enhanced photocatalytic potential. Electrical conductivity also increased with annealing. 
Conclusion: The observed physicochemical modifications strongly correlate with potential toxicological mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress. These findings underscore the importance of integrating toxicological evaluations in the development of TiO₂-based nanomaterials.