Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A (2024)

Dark matter and dark energy are two of the most enigmatic components of the universe, constituting approximately 27% and 68% of the cosmic energy density, respectively. Despite their significance, their exact nature remains unknown, posing major challenges to modern physics and cosmology. This paper explores various theoretical models proposed to explain dark matter, including Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), axions, and Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Similarly, dark energy is examined through the lens of the cosmological constant, quintessence, and alternative gravity theories. Observational evidence from cosmic microwave background radiation, large-scale structure formation, and gravitational lensing is discussed to support these models. However, inconsistencies in existing theories, such as the missing satellite problem and tensions in the Hubble constant measurements, highlight the need for refined approaches. The paper also explores future experimental prospects, including advancements in direct and indirect detection methods, as well as upcoming space missions such as the Euclid Telescope and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Understanding dark matter and dark energy is crucial for developing a unified framework of fundamental physics and deepening our comprehension of cosmic evolution. By addressing current challenges and leveraging cutting-edge observational techniques, scientists hope to unlock the secrets of these mysterious entities, paving the way for transformative discoveries in astrophysics and beyond.