Vol. 5, Issue 2, Part A (2023)

This research provides a detailed examination of the current models used to describe dark matter and dark energy, two fundamental yet mysterious components of the universe. Dark matter, constituting approximately 27% of the universe's mass-energy content, is primarily understood through its gravitational effects on visible matter, despite being undetectable by electromagnetic radiation. Dark energy, making up about 68% of the universe, is theorized to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. The research explores various dark matter models, including Cold Dark Matter (CDM), Warm Dark Matter (WDM), and Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM), along with the potential research candidates such as WIMPs and axions. It also delves into the leading dark energy models, from the cosmological constant to dynamic models like quintessence and modified gravity theories. Observational evidence supporting these models is discussed, alongside the challenges and future prospects for experimental verification and theoretical advancements.